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April 24 2013

Stone Age migration may have shaped today's Europeans


They arrived in the Stone Age and transformed Europe's population. A genetic study reveals that many Europeans are descended from people who moved out of the Iberian peninsula – present-day Spain and Portugal – in a massive wave of migration that began around 6000 years ago.

Modern hunter-gatherers arrived in Europe around 45,000 years ago, followed much later by the first farmers, who arrived from the Middle East 10,000 years ago. Over the next few millennia, society changed rapidly as hunter-gatherers declined, replaced by farmers who developed powerful chiefdoms and technologies for working with metal.

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April 24 2013

Plant Life Floods Earth’s Atmosphere


The recent discovery of two potentially ‘habitable’, nearly Earth-sized, planets in a five-planet system around the very distant star Kepler-62 reinforces the fact that astronomers are edging closer and closer to finding worlds that have a chance of resembling our home world in some way. But there are so many unknowns that it’s tremendously difficult to state with any certainty what the surface environment might be on such planets, much less what the odds are for life and a functioning biosphere. Still, what these discoveries do provide us with is a set of new questions.

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April 24 2013

What Caused The Deadly China Earthquake?


The strong earthquake that struck China's Sichuan province at 8:47 a.m. local time Saturday (April 20) probably hit along the same fault as the region's devastating 2008 earthquake, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.

The epicenter of the magnitude-6.6 earthquake was likely on the Longmen Shan Fault, the USGS said in a report on the April 20 quake. It was centered at a relatively shallow 7.6 miles (12.3 kilometers) below the surface, similar to the 2008 temblor. The 2008 earthquake, a magnitude 7.9, killed more than 69,000 people and released 89 times more energy than yesterday's earthquake.

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April 23 2013

New discovery solves ancient Egyptian chariot mystery


During routine archaeological research as part of the Ancient Egypt Leatherwork Project (AELP) carried out by Salima Ikram, Professor of Egyptology at the American University in Cairo (AUC) and Andre Veldmeijer, head of the Egyptology section at the Netherlands Flemish Institute in Cairo, a collection of 300 leather fragments of an Old Kingdom chariot were uncovered at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.

Ikram describes the discovery as very important and the collection as “extremely rare.” Only a handful of complete chariots are known from ancient Egypt, and of these, only one heavily restored in Florence and one in the Egyptian Museum have any significant amount of leather.

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April 23 2013

Ants Tracked with Unique Barcodes: Researchers Discover Nurses, Foragers and Janitors (Video)


Ants have a complicated social structure, so much so that it's almost impossible to track their interactions. Now, researchers have individually tagged every single worker ant within an entire colony and tracked them with a computer in order to learn more about how they network. The result is the largest-ever data set of ant interactions.

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April 23 2013

Herschel Solves Mystery of Origin of Water in the Upper Atmosphere of Jupiter


Astronomers have finally found direct proof that almost all water present in Jupiter’s stratosphere was delivered by comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, which struck the planet in 1994. The result is based on new data from Herschel that revealed more water in Jupiter’s southern hemisphere, where the impacts occurred, than in the north as well as probing the vertical distribution of water in the planet’s stratosphere.

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April 23 2013

Private Mars Colony Won't Seek Life on Red Planet


A private Mars colony project will do its best to avoid disturbing potential Red Planet life rather than aggressively hunt it down.

The Netherlands-based nonprofit Mars One, which opened its astronaut-selection process today (April 22), plans to land four people on the Red Planet in 2023 as the vanguard of a permanent human colony on the Red Planet, with new crews arriving every two years thereafter.

Human explorers and their trillions of microbes will doubtless contaminate whatever site is chosen for the settlement, Mars One officials said, so the organization will try to pick a place unlikely to host indigenous life.

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April 23 2013

Thousands want to take one-way trip to Mars, but will you pay their way?


Organizers of the Dutch-based Mars One project opened up their website on Monday to take applications for a one-way trip to Mars in 2022.

That's right: These astronauts won't be coming back. The idea is to jump-start a permanent settlement on Mars, with more supplies and settlers arriving every couple of years.

The organizers say the $6 billion cost for the first landing would be covered through reality-TV deals and merchandising, but they skirted pointed questions about the plan's financial feasibility.

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April 23 2013

Your Odds of Becoming an Astronaut Are Going Up


When asked, “What do you want to be when you grow up?” many kids say, “Astronaut!” More than a few adults would say the same.

And why not? We are captivated by the idea of exploring new worlds, having adventures in space, or just floating weightless in zero gravity. After all, zero-g makes mundane things like wringing a wet towel out into mind-blowing experiences.

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April 23 2013

Search for Northern Lights on Saturn Takes Off


Astronomers using an observatory in Hawaii kicked off a month-long campaign to study the northern lights on Saturn study Sunday (April 21) in a live webcast from Hawaii's iconic Keck Observatory.

During a three-hour webcast, scientists discussed everything from the ringed planet's atmosphere to new discoveries made about the gas giant in the last year. While speaking with the public via social media, the researchers also used the Keck Observatory to observe auroras on Saturn to understand how the mysterious phenomenon works. The scientists weren't able to show live-video of the observations, but they did review some major Saturn discoveries during the webcast.

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April 23 2013

Biological Activity Alters the Ability of Sea Spray to Seed Clouds


Ocean biology alters the chemical composition of sea spray in ways that influence its ability to form clouds over the ocean. That's the conclusion of a team of scientists using a new approach to study tiny atmospheric particles called aerosols that can influence climate by absorbing or reflecting sunlight and seeding clouds. By engineering breaking waves of natural ocean water under purified air in the lab, they were able to isolate and analyze aerosols from the spray and determine how life within the water altered the chemistry of the particles.

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April 23 2013

In China, Breathing Becomes a Childhood Risk


BEIJING — The boy’s chronic cough and stuffy nose began last year at the age of 3. His symptoms worsened this winter, when smog across northern China surged to record levels. Now he needs his sinuses cleared every night with saltwater piped through a machine’s tubes.

The boy’s mother, Zhang Zixuan, said she almost never lets him go outside, and when she does she usually makes him wear a face mask. The difference between Britain, where she once studied, and China is “heaven and hell,” she said.

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April 23 2013

Ancient Snail Shells Hint at Future Global Warming


A major global cooling event 34 million years ago chilled land as well as sea, according to climate clues found in an unusual place: fossil snail shells.

The new research, published today (April 22) in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, reveals the historical links between carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and surface temperatures on Earth. Between about 333.5 million years ago and 34 million years ago, the climate transitioned from the balmy, carbon-dioxide-rich Eocene epoch climate to the cooler, low-carbon-dioxide Oligocene epoch. Scientists estimate that concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dropped from 1,000 parts per million to about 600 to 700 parts per million in this time frame.

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April 23 2013

We can save Iraq's 'Garden of Eden'


Some say the marshes of southern Iraq are the origin of the Garden of Eden story. Why did Saddam Hussein drain them?

He said it was to make dry land for agriculture. He dug canals and diverted the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, causing 90 per cent of the marshes to dry out. But really, he saw the Marsh Arabs who lived there, fishing, cutting reeds and tending water buffalo, as opponents. He couldn't send in heavy tanks to flush them out. Drains worked better.

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April 23 2013

Cloned Giant Redwoods Planted Around World


California's giant redwoods will now be found in six foreign countries. A new non-profit group is shipping 18-inch (46 centimeters) saplings of the trees for people to plant to help fight deforestation and climate change, according to USA Today.

The trees are actually clones of enormous redwoods that were cut down more than a century ago. But these hardy trees have kept sprouting shoots, from which these trees were cloned by Archangel Ancient Tree Archive, a non-profit group spearheading the project. "This is a first step toward mass production," David Milarch, the group's co-founder, told USA Today. The trees will be planted today (April 22), Earth Day, in Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain, Ireland, Canada, Germany and the United States.

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April 23 2013

For development in Brazil, two crops are better than one


New research finds that double cropping—planting two crops in a field in the same year—is associated with positive signs of economic development for rural Brazilians. The research focused the state of Mato Grosso, the epicenter of an agricultural revolution that has made Brazil one of the world's top producers of soybeans, corn, cotton, and other staple crops. That Brazil has become an agricultural powerhouse over the last decade or so is clear. What has been less clear is who is reaping the economic rewards of that agricultural intensification—average Brazilians or wealthy landowners and outside investors.

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April 23 2013

Physicist Proposes New Way To Think About Intelligence


A single equation grounded in basic physics principles could describe intelligence and stimulate new insights in fields as diverse as finance and robotics, according to new research.

Alexander Wissner-Gross, a physicist at Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Cameron Freer, a mathematician at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, developed an equation that they say describes many intelligent or cognitive behaviors, such as upright walking and tool use.

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April 23 2013

The computer will see you now... the cancer prediction software that's better than a doctor


Doctors may begin regularly using computer predictions in judging how to treat cancer patients after scientists constructed mathematical formulas that outperformed human experts in forecasting how sufferers will respond to treatment.

A computer model of lung cancer made consistently better predictions of the future symptoms suffered by a set of patients undergoing radiotherapy or chemotherapy than the doctors who actually treated them, scientists said, in a study that demonstrates the increasingly important role of mathematics in cancer medicine.

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April 23 2013

Gut Microbe Makes Diesel Biofuel


Welding bits and pieces from various microbes and the camphor tree into the genetic code of Escherichia coli has allowed scientists to convince the stomach bug to produce hydrocarbons, rather than sickness or more E. coli. The gut microbe can now replicate the molecules, more commonly known as diesel, that burn predominantly in big trucks and other powerful moving machines.

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April 23 2013

Grandma's Experiences Leave a Mark on Your Genes


Darwin and Freud walk into a bar. Two alcoholic mice — a mother and her son — sit on two bar stools, lapping gin from two thimbles.

The mother mouse looks up and says, “Hey, geniuses, tell me how my son got into this sorry state.”

“Bad inheritance,” says Darwin.
“Bad mothering,” says Freud.

For over a hundred years, those two views — nature or nurture, biology or psychology — offered opposing explanations for how behaviors develop and persist, not only within a single individual but across generations.

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